Individualized management important for perimenopausal symptoms

Women must be informed of the potential benefits and risks of all treatment options for menopausal symptoms and concerns and should receive individualized care, according to a review of the role of perimenopausal hormone therapy published in the April issue of Obstetrics & Gynecology.

Many therapeutic options are currently available for management of quality of life and health concerns in menopausal women. Treatment of vasomotor hot flushes and associated symptoms is the main indication for hormone therapy, which is still the most effective treatment of these symptoms and is currently the only US Food and Drug Administration–approved option. For healthy women with troublesome vasomotor symptoms who begin hormone therapy at the time of menopause, the benefits of hormone therapy generally outweigh the risks.

However, hormone therapy is associated with a heightened risk for coronary heart disease as evidenced by the results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) trial in 2002. Based on recent analyses, this higher risk is attributable primarily to older women and to those who reached menopause several years previously. Hormone therapy should not be used to prevent heart disease, based on these analyses. However, this evidence does offer reassurance that hormone therapy can be used safely in otherwise healthy women at the menopausal transition to manage hot flushes and night sweats.

Although hormone therapy may help prevent and treat osteoporosis, it is seldom used solely for this indication alone, particularly if other effective options are well tolerated.

Short-term treatment with hormone therapy is preferred to long-term treatment, in part because of the increased risk for breast cancer associated with extended use. The lowest effective estrogen dose should be given for the shortest duration required because risks for hormone therapy increase with advancing age, time since menopause, and duration of use.

Low-dose, local estrogen therapy is recommended vs systemic hormone therapy when only vaginal symptoms are present.

Alternatives to hormone therapy should be recommended for women with or at increased risk for disorders that are contraindications to hormone therapy use. These include breast or endometrial cancer, cardiovascular disease, thromboembolic disorders, and active hepatic or gallbladder disease.

In addition to estrogen therapy, progestin alone, and combination estrogen-progestin therapy, there are several nonhormonal options for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms. Lifestyle interventions include reducing body temperature, maintaining a healthy weight, stopping smoking, practicing relaxation response techniques, and receiving acupuncture.

Although efficacy greater than placebo is unproven, nonprescription medications that are sometimes used for treatment of vasomotor symptoms include isoflavone supplements, soy products, black cohosh, and vitamin E.

There are several nonhormonal prescription medications sometimes used off-label for treatment of vasomotor symptoms, but they are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for this purpose. These drugs, and their accompanying potential adverse effects, include the following:

• Clonidine, 0.1-mg weekly transdermal patch, with potential adverse effects including dry mouth, insomnia, and drowsiness.
• Paroxetine (10 - 20 mg/day, controlled release 12.5 - 25 mg/day), which may cause headache, nausea, insomnia, drowsiness, or sexual dysfunction.
• Venlafaxine (extended release 37.5 - 75 mg/day), which is associated with dry mouth, nausea, constipation, and sleeplessness.
• Gabapentin (300 mg/day to 300 mg 3 times daily), with possible adverse effects of somnolence, fatigue, dizziness, rash, palpitations, and peripheral edema.

Women should be informed of the potential benefits and risks of all therapeutic options, and care should be individualized, based on a woman's medical history, needs, and preferences. For women experiencing an early menopause, especially before the age of 45 years, the benefits of using HT until the average age of natural menopause likely will significantly outweigh risks. The large body of evidence on the overall safety of oral contraceptives in younger women should be reassuring for those experiencing an early menopause, especially given the much lower estrogen and progestin doses provided by HT formulations.

Edited from an article by Laurie Barclay MD published in Medscape Medical News titled Hormone Therapy for Menopause Reviewed

Abstract

Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Apr;115(4):839-55.

Role of hormone therapy in the management of menopause.

Shifren JL, Schiff I.

Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. jshifren@partners.org

Abstract

There are many options available to address the quality of life and health concerns of menopausal women. The principal indication for hormone therapy (HT) is the treatment of vasomotor symptoms, and benefits generally outweigh risks for healthy women with bothersome symptoms who elect HT at the time of menopause. Although HT increases the risk of coronary heart disease, recent analyses confirm that this increased risk occurs principally in older women and those a number of years beyond menopause. These findings do not support a role for HT in the prevention of heart disease but provide reassurance regarding the safety of use for hot flushes and night sweats in otherwise healthy women at the menopausal transition. An increased risk of breast cancer with extended use is another reason short-term treatment is advised. Hormone therapy prevents and treats osteoporosis but is rarely used solely for this indication. If only vaginal symptoms are present, low-dose local estrogen therapy is preferred. Contraindications to HT use include breast or endometrial cancer, cardiovascular disease, thromboembolic disorders, and active liver disease. Alternatives to HT should be advised for women with or at increased risk for these disorders. The lowest effective estrogen dose should be provided for the shortest duration necessary because risks increase with increasing age, time since menopause, and duration of use. Women must be informed of the potential benefits and risks of all therapeutic options, and care should be individualized, based on a woman's medical history, needs, and preferences.